Diagnostic and pathophysiological relevance of autoantibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG-IgG) / Diagnostische und pathophysiologische Relevanz von Autoantikörpern gegen Myelin-Oligodendrozyten-Glykoprotein (MOG-IgG)

Principal investigators / Projektleiter: Sven Jarius*, Brigitte Wildemann*

MOG autoantibody-associated disorder (MOGAD; also termed MOG encephalomyelitis [MOG-EM]) is an inflammatory, demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system. The phenoytpical spectrum of MOGAD/MOG-EM includes mainly optic neuritis, myelitis and/or brainstem encephalitis as well as ADEM- and MS-like manifestations. In most cases, the disease takes a relapsing course. Our work focuses on investigating the diagnostic, prognostic, und pathophysiological relevance of antibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG-IgG) in patients with demyelinating disorders of the central nervous system (multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica, transverse myelitis, optic neuritis, brainstem encephalitis) and on developing and establishing new, recombinant assays for the detection of MOG-IgG.

Independent projects are dedicated to investigating the pathophysiological and diagnostic relevance of autoantibodies in other inflammatory diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system (e.g., multiple sclerosis [MS], neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders [NMOSD], paraneoplastic and non-paraneoplastic disorders [including autoimmune cerebellar ataxia], limbic encephalitis, peripheral neuropathy, Susac syndrome, Balo's concentric sclerosis).

Die MOG-Enzephalomyelitis (MOG-EM; auch MOG-Antikörper-assoziierte Erkrankung, engl. MOG antibody-associated autoimmune disease [MOGAD]) ist eine entzündliche demyelinisierende Erkrankung des zentralen Nervensystems, deren Phänotyp vornehmlich durch (meist relapsierende) Optikusneuritis, Myelitis und Hirnstammenzephalitis gekennzeichnet ist, aber auch ADEM- und MS-ähnliche Manifestationen umfasst. Schwerpunkt unserer Forschung sind Untersuchungen zur diagnostischen, prognostischen und pathophysiologischen Bedeutung von Antikörpern gegen das Myelinscheidenprotein Myelin-Oligodendrozyten-Glykoprotein (MOG-AK) bei Patienten mit demyelinisierenden Erkrankungen des zentralen Nervensystems sowie die Entwicklung und Etablierung neuer, rekombinanter Testsysteme für den Nachweis von MOG-IgG.

Der pathophysiologischen und diagnostischen Relevanz von Autoantikörpern bei anderen entzündlichen Erkrankungen des zentralen und/oder peripheren Nervensystems sind eigenständige Projektbereiche gewidmet (u.a. Multiple Sklerose [MS], Neuromyelitis-optica-Spektrum-Erkrankungen [NMOSD], paraneoplastische und nich-paraneoplastische Autoimmunenzephalitiden [inkl. autoimmune zerebelläre Ataxie], limbische Enzephalitis, periphere Neuropathien, Susac-Syndrom, Balo's konzentrische Sklerose).

Email: 

sven.jarius(at)med.uni-heidelberg.de

brigitte.wildemann(at)med.uni-heidelberg.de

_{^{* Brigitte Wildemann (h-index 68 / 18300 citations [according to Publish or Perish 7.33; data last retrieved 2023-06-20]) is Professor of Neurology and Head of the Molecular Neuroimmunology Group in the Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany. Her research goals focus on the immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Other research interests are neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease/encephalomyelitis (MOGAD/MOG-EM), acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), autoimmune encephalitis, and the pathogenetic mechanisms involved in the neuromanifestations of systemic diseases, such as rheumatological disorders and HIV/AIDS. She has authored/co-authored more than 250 peer-reviewed articles and numerous book chapters, has published as lead editor the Thieme standard textbook "Laboratory Diagnosis in Neurology", and is co-author of the German guidelines on MS, NMOSD, MOGAD/MOG-EM, of the German guidelines on CSF analysis, and of the National Recommendation for the use of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (aHSCT) in MS is in Germany. Brigitte Wildemann is also current president of the German Society for CSF Analysis and Clinical Neurochemistry (DGLN).}}

_{^{Sven Jarius (h-index 77 / 26121 citations [according to Publish or Perish 7.33; data last retrieved 2024-09-15]) is a senior scientist in the field of clinical and basic neuroimmunology who has trained at the Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology and the Department of Neurology, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany, in the Department of Neuroimmunology, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried/Munich, Germany, and in the Neurosciences Group at the Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, UK. His main topics of interest are neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD); myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease/encephalomyelitis (MOGAD/MOG-EM); multiple sclerosis; autoimmune encephalitis, myelitis, and optic neuritis; autoimmune cerebellar ataxia; paraneoplastic neurological syndromes; and the history of neuroscience. Since 2008 he has worked at the Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Germany. He is lead author or co-author, respectively, of several international diagnostic consensus criteria (NMOSD, MOGAD/MOG-EM, Susac syndrome, primary autoimmune cerebellar ataxia) and first described/was involved in the first description and/or clincal definition of several novel autoimmune disorders. He has published around 240 peer-reviewed articles, including in Nat Rev Dis Primers (5-year IF 93), Nat Rev Neurol (5-year IF 44), Nat Rev Clin Pract Neurol, Lancet Neurology, BMJ, Brain, Neurology, Ann Neurol, Arch Neurol, J Neurol, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, Eur J Neurol, Front Neurol, Curr Opin Neurol, Neurology:Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm, Acta Neuropathol, Brain Pathol, J Neuroinflammation, J Neuroimmunology, J Immununology, Front Immunol, Adv Immunol, J Autoimmunity, MSJ, MSARD, Arthritis & Rheumatism, and Blood.}}

Selected publications on MOGAD (MOG-EM) / Ausgewählte Publikationen zum Thema

• Schindler P, Bellmann-Strobl J, Kuhle J, Wildemann B, Jarius S, Paul F, Ruprecht K. Longitudinal change of serum NfL as disease activity biomarker candidate in MOGAD: A descriptive cohort study. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2024 Jun 13;88:105729.
• Jarius S, Ringelstein M, Schanda K, Ruprecht K, Korporal-Kuhnke M, Viehöver A, Hümmert MW, Schindler P, Endmayr V, Gastaldi M, Trebst C, Franciotta D, Aktas O, Höftberger R, Haas J, Komorowski L, Paul F, Reindl M, Wildemann B. Exclusive or predominant MOG-IgG3 seropositivity—a potential diagnostic pitfall in patients with MOG-EM/MOGAD. J Neurol 2024. Online ahead of print.
• Duchow A, Bellmann-Strobl J, Friede T, Aktas O, Angstwurm K, Ayzenberg I, Berthele A, Dawin E, Engels D, Fischer K, Flaskamp M, Giglhuber K, Grothe M, Havla J, Hümmert MW, Jarius S, Kaste M, Kern P, Kleiter I, Klotz L, Korporal-Kuhnke M, Kraemer M, Krumbholz M, Kümpfel T, Lohmann L, Ringelstein M, Rommer P, Schindler P, Schubert C, Schwake C, Senel M, Then Bergh F, Tkachenko D, Tumani H, Trebst C, Vardakas I, Walter A, Warnke C, Weber MS, Wickel J, Wildemann B, Winkelmann A, Paul F, Stellmann JP, Häußler V; Neuromyelitis Optica Study Group (NEMOS). Time to Disability Milestones and Annualized Relapse Rates in NMOSD and MOGAD. Ann Neurol. 2023 Dec 12. doi: 10.1002/ana.26858. Online ahead of print.
• Schanda K, Mariotto S, Rudzki D, Bauer A, Dinoto A, Rossi P, Ferrari S, Jarius S, Wildemann B, Boso F, Giometto B, Engels D, Kümpfel T, Wendel EM, Rostasy K, Reindl M. Is there an immunological cross-reactivity of antibodies to the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein and coronaviruses? Brain Commun. 2024 Mar 25;6(2):fcae106
• Jarius S, Aktas O, Ayzenberg I, Bellmann-Strobl J, Berthele A, Giglhuber K, Häußler V, Havla J, Hellwig K, Hümmert MW, Kleiter I, Klotz L, Krumbholz M, Kümpfel T, Paul F, Ringelstein M, Ruprecht K, Senel M, Stellmann JP, Bergh FT, Tumani H, Wildemann B, Trebst C; Neuromyelitis Optica Study Group (NEMOS). Update on the diagnosis and treatment of neuromyelits optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) - revised recommendations of the Neuromyelitis Optica Study Group (NEMOS). Part I: Diagnosis and differential diagnosis. J Neurol. 2023 Jul;270(7):3341-3368.
• Hümmert MW, Bütow F, Tkachenko D, Ayzenberg I, Pakeerathan T, Hellwig K, Klotz L, Häußler V, Stellmann JP, Warnke C, Goereci Y, Etgen T, Luessi F, Bronzlik P, Gingele S, Lauenstein AS, Kleiter I, Rommer PS, Paul F, Bellmann-Strobl J, Duchow A, Then Bergh F, Pul R, Walter A, Pellkofer H, Kümpfel T, Pompsch M, Kraemer M, Albrecht P, Aktas O, Ringelstein M, Senel M, Giglhuber K, Berthele A, Jarius S, Wildemann B, Trebst C; Neuromyelitis Optica Study Group (NEMOS). Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on patients with NMO spectrum disorders and MOG-antibody-associated diseases: COPANMO(G) study. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2023 Jan 24;10(2):e200082.
• Jarius S, Bieber N, Haas J, Wildemann B. MOG encephalomyelitis after vaccination against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2): case report and comprehensive review of the literature. J Neurol. 2022 Jun 23:1-15. 
• Mewes D, Kuchling J, Schindler P, Khalil AAA, Jarius S, Paul F, Chien C. Diagnosis of Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD) and MOG Antibody-Associated Disease (MOGAD). Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 2022 Nov;239(11):1315-1324. 
• Schroeder-Castagno M, Del Rio-Serrato A, Wilhelm A, Romero-Suárez S, Schindler P, Alvarez-González C, Duchow AS, Bellmann-Strobl J, Ruprecht K, Hastermann M, Grütz G, Wildemann B, Jarius S, Schmitz-Hübsch T, Paul F, Infante-Duarte C. Impaired response of blood neutrophils to cell-death stimulus differentiates AQP4-IgG-seropositive NMOSD from MOGAD. J Neuroinflammation 2022 Oct 1;19(1):239.
• Ringelstein M et al. Interleukin-6 receptor blockade in treatment-refractory MOG-IgG-associated disease and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Neurology: Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation 2021 Nov 16;9(1):e1100. 
• Wildemann B, Horstmann S, Korporal-Kuhnke M, Viehöver A, Jarius S. [Aquaporin-4 and Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Optic Neuritis: Diagnosis and Treatment]. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd. 2020 Nov;237(11):1290-1305.
• Asseyer S, Henke E, Trebst C, Hümmert MW, Wildemann B, Jarius S, Ringelstein M, Aktas O, Pawlitzki M, Korsen M, Klotz L, Siebert N, Ruprecht K, Bellmann-Strobl J, Wernecke KD, Häußler V, Havla J, Gahlen A, Gold R, Paul F, Kleiter I, Ayzenberg I; Neuromyelitis Optica Study Group. Pain, depression, and quality of life in adults with MOG-antibody-associated disease. Eur J Neurol. 2021 May;28(5):1645-1658.
• Liu J, Mori M, Zimmermann H, Brandt A, Havla J, Tanaka S, Sugimoto K, Oji S, Uzawa A, Asseyer S, Cooper G, Jarius S, Bellmann-Strobl J, Ruprecht K, Siebert N, Masuda H, Uchida T, Ohtani R, Nomura K, Meinl E, Kuempfel T, Paul F, Kuwabara S. Anti-MOG antibody-associated disorders: differences in clinical profiles and prognosis in Japan and Germany. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2020 Nov 20:jnnp-2020-324422.
• Wildemann B, Jarius S, Franz J, Ruprecht K, Reindl M, Stadelmann C. MOG expressing teratoma followed by MOG-IgG-positive optic neuritis. Acta Neuropathol. 2021 Jan;141(1):127-131.
• Jarius S, Pellkofer H, Siebert N, Korporal-Kuhnke M, Hümmert MW, Ringelstein M, Rommer PS, Ayzenberg I, Ruprecht K, Klotz L, Asgari N, Zrzavy T, Höftberger R, Tobia R, Buttmann M, Fechner K, Schanda K, Weber M, Asseyer S, Haas J, Lechner C, Kleiter I, Aktas O, Trebst C, Rostasy K, Reindl M, Kümpfel T, Paul F, Wildemann B; in cooperation with the Neuromyelitis Optica Study Group (NEMOS). Cerebrospinal fluid findings in patients with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibodies. Part 1: Results from 163 lumbar punctures in 100 adult patients. J Neuroinflammation. 2020 Sep 3;17(1):261 [FREE PDF].
• Jarius S, Lechner C, Wendel EM, Baumann M, Breu M, Schimmel M, Karenfort M, Marina AD, Merkenschlager A, Thiels C, Blaschek A, Salandin M, Leiz S, Leypoldt F, Pschibul A, Hackenberg A, Hahn A, Syrbe S, Strautmanis J, Häusler M, Krieg P, Eisenkölbl A, Stoffels J, Eckenweiler M, Ayzenberg I, Haas J, Höftberger R, Kleiter I, Korporal-Kuhnke M, Ringelstein M, Ruprecht K, Siebert N, Schanda K, Aktas O, Paul F, Reindl M, Wildemann B, Rostásy K; in cooperation with the BIOMARKER study group and the Neuromyelitis optica Study Group (NEMOS). Cerebrospinal fluid findings in patients with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibodies. Part 2: Results from 108 lumbar punctures in 80 pediatric patients. J Neuroinflammation. 2020 Sep 3;17(1):262 [FREE PDF]
• Schmidt FA, Chien C, Kuchling J, Bellmann-Strobl J, Ruprecht K, Siebert N, Asseyer S, Jarius S, Brandt AU, Scheel M, Paul F. Differences in Advanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging in MOG-IgG and AQP4-IgG Seropositive Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders: A Comparative Study. Front Neurol. 2020 Sep 30;11:499910.
• Gastaldi M, Scaranzin S, Jarius S, Wildeman B, Zardini E, Mallucci G, Rigoni E, Vegezzi E, Foiadelli T, Savasta S, Banfi P, Versino M, Benedetti L, Novi G, Mancardi MM, Giacomini T, Annovazzi P, Baroncini D, Ferraro D, Lampasona V, Reindl M, Waters P, Franciotta D. Cell-based assays for the detection of MOG antibodies: a comparative study. J Neurol. 2020 Dec;267(12):3555-3564.
• Whittam D H, Cobo-Calvo A, Lopez-Chiriboga A S, Pardo S, Gornall M, Cicconi S, Brandt A, Berek K, Berger T, Jelcic I, Gombolay G, Oliveira L M, Callegaro D, Kaneko K, Misu T, Capobianco M, Gibbons E, Karthikeayan V, Brochet B, Audoin B, Mathey G, Laplaud D, Thouvenot E, Cohen M, Tourbah A, Maillart E, Ciron J, Deschamps R, Biotti D, Rostasy K, Neuteboom R, Hemingway C, Forsyth R, Matiello M, Webb S, Hunt D, Murray K, Hacohen Y, Lim M, Leite M I, Palace J, Solomon T, Lutterotti A, Fujihara K, Nakashima I, Bennett J L, Pandit L, Chitnis T, Weinshenker B G, Wildemann B, Sato D K, Kim S-H, Huda S, Kim H J, Reindl M, Levy M, Jarius S, Tenembaum S, Paul F, Pittock S, Marignier R, Jacob A. Treatment of MOG-IgG-associated disorder with rituximab: An international study of 121 patients. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders 2020;44:102251.
• Asseyer S, Hamblin J, Messina S, Mariano R, Siebert N, Everett R, Küker W, Bellmann-Strobl J, Ruprecht K, Jarius S, Leite I, Brandt AU, Paul F, Palace J. Prodromal headache in MOG-antibody positive optic neuritis. Mult Scler Rel Dis 2020 Jan 25;40:101965 .
• Pawlitzki M, Campe C, Rolfes L, Heinze HJ, Leypoldt F, Wandinger KP, Reindl M, Wildemann B, Jarius S*, Körtvelyessy P*. Transient MOG antibody seroconversion associated with immunomodulating therapy. Mult Scler Rel Dis 2020 Jan; 37:101420.
• Jarius S, Wildemann B. Devic's index case: a critical reappraisal - AQP4-IgG-mediated neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, or rather MOG encephalomyelitis? J Neurol Sci 2019 Dec 15;407:116396.
• Oertel FC, Outteryck O, Knier B, Zimmermann H, Borisow N, Bellmann-Strobl J, Blaschek A, Jarius S, Reindl M, Ruprecht K, Meinl E, Hohlfeld R, Paul F, Brandt AU, Kümpfel T, Havla J. Optical coherence tomography in myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein antibody-seropositive patients: a longitudinal study. J Neuroinflammation 2019 Jul 25;16(1):154.
• Mohseni SH, Skejoe HPB, Wuerfel J, Paul F, Reindl M, Jarius S, Asgari N. Leptomeningeal and intraparenchymal blood barrier disruption in a MOG-IgG-positive patient. Case Rep Neurol Med. 2018 Dec 9;2018:1365175.
• Jarius S, Paul F, Aktas O, Asgari N, Dale RC, de Seze J, Franciotta D, Fujihara K, Jacob A, Kim HJ, Kleiter I, Kümpfel T, Levy M, Palace J, Ruprecht K, Saiz A, Trebst C, Weinshenker BG, Wildemann B. MOG-Enzephalomyelitis: Empfehlungen zu Diagnose und Antikörpertestung. Nervenarzt. 2018 Dec;89(12):1388-1399. [FREE PDF]
• Jarius S, Paul F, Aktas O, Asgari N, Dale RC, de Seze J, Franciotta D, Fujihara K, Jacob A, Kim HJ, Kleiter I, Kümpfel T, Levy M, Palace J, Ruprecht K, Saiz A, Trebst C, Weinshenker BG, Wildemann B. MOG encephalomyelitis: international recommendations on diagnosis and antibody testing. J Neuroinflammation 2018 May 3;15(1):134. [FREE PDF]
• Jarius S, Ruprecht K, Stellmann JP, Huss A, Ayzenberg I, Willing A, Trebst C, Pawlitzki M, Abdelhak A, Grüter T, Leypoldt F, Haas J, Kleiter I, Tumani H, Fechner K, Reindl M, Paul F, Wildemann B. MOG-IgG in primary and secondary chronic progressive multiple sclerosis: a multicenter study of 200 patients and review of the literature. J Neuroinflammation 2018 Mar 19;15(1):88 [FREE PDF].
• Reindl M, Jarius S, Rostasy K, Berger T. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies: How clinically useful are they? Curr Opin Neurol 2017 Jun;30(3):295-301.
• Jarius S, Ruprecht K, Kleiter I, Borisow N, Asgari N, Pitarokoili K, Pache F, Stich O, Beume L, Hümmert MW, Trebst C, Ringelstein M, Aktas O, Winkelmann A, Buttmann M, Schwarz A, Zimmermann H, Brandt AU, Franciotta D, Capobianco M, Kuchling J, Haas J, Korporal-Kuhnke M, Lillevang ST, Fechner K, Schanda K, Paul F*, Wildemann B*, Reindl M*. MOG-IgG in NMO and related disorders: a multicenter study of 50 patients. Part 1: Frequency, syndrome specificity, influence of disease activity, long-term course, association with AQP4-IgG, and origin. J Neuroinflammation 2016 Okt 26;13(1):279. [FREE PDF]
• Jarius S, Ruprecht K, Kleiter I, Borisow N, Asgari N, Pitarokoili K, Pache F, Stich O, Beume L, Hümmert MW, Ringelstein M, Trebst C, Winkelmann A, Schwarz A, Buttmann M, Zimmermann H, Kuchling J, Franciotta D, Capobianco M, Siebert E, Lukas C, Korporal-Kuhnke M, Haas J, Fechner K, Brandt AU, Schanda K, Aktas O, Paul F*, Reindl M*, Wildemann B*. MOG-IgG in NMO and related disorders: a multicenter study of 50 patients. Part 2: Epidemiology, clinical presentation, radiological and laboratory features, treatment, and long-term outcome. J Neuroinflammation 2016 Okt 27;13(1):280. [FREE PDF]
• Jarius S, Kleiter I, Ruprecht K, Asgari N, Pitarokoili K, Borisow N, Hümmert MW, Trebst C, Pache F, Winkelmann A, Beume LA, Ringelstein M, Stich O, Aktas O, Korporal-Kuhnke M, Schwarz A, Lukas C, Haas J, Fechner K, Buttmann M, Bellmann-Strobl J, Zimmermann H, Brandt AU, Franciotta D, Schanda K, Paul F*, Reindl M*, Wildemann B*. MOG-IgG in NMO and related disorders: a multicenter study of 50 patients. Part 3: Brainstem involvement – frequency, presentation and outcome. J Neuroinflammation 2016 Nov 1;13:281. [FREE PDF]
• Pache F, Zimmermann H, Mikolajczak J, Schumacher S, Lacheta A, Oertel FC, Bellmann-Strobel J, Jarius S, Wildemann B, Reindl M, Waldman A, Soelberg K, Nasrin Asgari, Ringelstein M, Aktas O, Gross N, Buttmann M, Ach T, Ruprecht K, Paul F, Brandt AU. MOG-IgG in NMO and related disorders: a multicenter study of 50 patients. Part 4: Afferent visual system damage after optic neuritis in MOG-IgG-seropositive versus AQP4-IgG-seropositive patients. J Neuroinflammation 2016 Nov 1;13:282 [FREE PDF]
• Mader S, Gredler V, Schanda K, Rostasy K, Dujmovic I, Pfaller K, Lutterotti A, Jarius S, Di Pauli F, Kuenz B, Ehling R, Hegen H, Deisenhammer F, Aboul-Enein F, Storch MK, Koson P, Drulovic J, Kristoferitsch W, Berger T, Reindl M. Complement activating antibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in neuromyelitis optica and related disorders. J Neuroinflammation 2011 Dec 28;8:184 [FREE PDF]
• Reindl M, Jarius S, Rostasy K, Berger T. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies: How clinically useful are they? Curr Opin Neurol 2017 Jun;30(3):295-301.
• Wildemann B, Jarius S, Schwarz A, Diem R, Viehöver A, Hähnel S, Reindl M, Korporal-Kuhnke M. Failure of alemtuzumab therapy to control MOG encephalomyelitis. Neurology 2017 Jul 11;89(2):207-209.
• Bouzar M, Daoudi S, Hattab S, Bouzar AA, Deiva K, Wildemann B, Reindl M, Jarius S. Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders with antibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein or aquaporin-4: clinical and paraclinical characteristics in Algerian patients. J Neurol Sci 2017 Sep;381:240-244 [FREE PDF].
• Soelberg K, Jarius S, Skejø HBP, Engberg H, Mehlsen JJ, Nielsson AC, Madsen JS, Reindl M, Wildemann B, Grauslund J, Kyvik KO, Smith TJ, Lillevang ST, Paul F, Weinshenker BG, Asgari N. A population-based prospective study of optic neuritis. Mult Scler 2017 Dec;23(14):1893-1901.
• Soelberg K, Skejoe HPB, Grauslund J, Smith TJ, Lillevang ST, Jarius S, Wildemann B, Paul F, Asgari N. Magnetic resonance imaging findings at the first episode of acute optic neuritis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2018 Feb;20:30-36.
• Jarius S, Metz I, König F, Ruprecht K, Reindl M, Paul F, Brück W, Wildemann B. Screening for MOG-IgG and 27 other anti-glial and anti-neuronal autoantibodies in ‘pattern II multiple sclerosis’ and brain biopsy findings in a MOG-IgG-positive case. Mult Scler 2016 Oct;22(12):1541-1549.
• Soelberg K, Nilsson AC, Nielsen C, Jarius S, Reindl M, Wildemann B, Lillevang ST, Asgari N. Autoimmune and immunogenetic profile of MOG-IgG-positive and MOG-IgG-negative patients with optic neuritis in a population-based cohort. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2018 Mar 7;21:97-102.